![]() ![]() The signals created in the CMOS pixels are then a measure of the amount of X-ray and gamma photons hitting the camera 9. Dominant visible light signals can be easily blocked using a layer of black tape to cover a camera’s lenses. The photodiodes in the core of each CMOS pixel are designed to detect visible light photons, but they are also sensitive to X-ray and gamma radiation 7. The Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors used in smartphone cameras, on the other hand, can detect ionizing radiation photons such as X-rays and high-energy gamma rays 8. Though small scintillation detectors can be manufactured while maintaining excellent performance, they are quite expensive, and their output is difficult for a general audience to analyze. Similarly, instruments that use a combination of scintillation and semiconductor detectors can provide excellent detection efficiency for high energy gamma rays, including information about incident energy. Proper personal monitoring devices should have the ability to detect and register accumulated incident radiation for a specified period. However, it cannot be used as a personal dosimeter because the signal is independent of the incident radiation that created it 7. Radiation dose measurements in hospitals and industrial settings have traditionally used Geiger–Muller counters as an alarming method due to its ability to amplify the signal. ![]() Practical and easily accessible dose monitoring is therefore crucial to ensure the safety of workers and the public. Workers in medical imaging, security, environmental monitoring, and other fields need to be protected from high doses of ionizing radiation. Radiation can be used in various applications, and approximately 23 million workers are occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation worldwide 6. Public awareness of ionizing radiation and its risks has increased dramatically since the Fukushima accidents in the matter of the radiation risk from nuclear power plants and the release of radioactive materials 5. The annual amount of background radiation has wide variability from about 2.0 to 8.0 mSv/year, depending on the altitude, location of the earth’s surface, and human practices and activities 4. On average, general population receive 2.4 mSv (75%) and 0.6 mSv (25%) from natural and artificial exposure 1, 2, 3. Nowadays, the increase of ionizing radiation in medicine (imaging and radiotherapy) and industrial activities and weapon increase public attention due to its possible effects. The annual dose from background radiation differs from one place to another in the earth’s crust. Human beings are exposed to ionizing radiation from human-made and natural sources (terrestrial, cosmic, and internal radiation). It can also be used for personal dose assessments and as an alarm for the presence of high radiation levels. Although the smartphone is not as accurate as a conventional detector, it is useful enough to detect radiation before the radiation reaches hazardous levels. The precision of the measurement is also affected by heat and a smartphone’s battery level. The Radioactivit圜ounter app is limited in that it requires 4–10 min to offer a stable measurement. The smartphone CMOS sensor is sensitive to radiation doses as low as 10 µGy/h, with a linear dose response and an angular dependence. ![]() The Radioactivity counter app developed by Rolf-Dieter Klein and available on Apple’s App Store was installed on the device and tested using a calibrated radioactive source, calibration concrete pads with a range of known concentrations of radioactive elements, and in direct sunlight. Black tape was utilized to block visible light. The iPhone 6s smartphone, which has a CMOS camera sensor, was used in this study. This work aims to report a detailed investigation of a well-reviewed smartphone application for radiation dosimetry that is available for popular smartphone devices under a calibration protocol that is typically used for the commercial calibration of radiation detectors. Radiation incidents on a smartphone camera’s Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) sensor creates a signal which can be isolated from a visible light signal to turn the smartphone into a radiation detector. The advanced image sensors installed on now-ubiquitous smartphones can be used to detect ionising radiation in addition to visible light. ![]()
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